Univerza na Primorskem Fakulteta za matematiko, naravoslovje in informacijske tehnologije
Več informacij o projektu / More info about the project
Vsebina projekta / Project content
Ribe predstavljajo pomemben vir beljakovin v prehrani, zaradi oglaševanja blagodejnih učinkov na zdravje pa je njihova poraba v zadnjih desetletjih v razvitem delu sveta zelo narasla. Ribištvo je zelo kompleksna dejavnost in v razvitih državah zelo nadzorovana (Skupna ribiška politika ES), da bi zagotovili ohranitev ribjih staležev in delovanje ekosistemov. Z razvojem ribištva in z njim povezane predelovalne dejavnosti se je celotna veriga od ulova preko predelave in distribucije do potrošnika zelo podaljšala. Zato je ribiška panoga zelo občutljiva na poneverbe v celotni verigi od ribolova ali vzreje v akvakulturi do maloprodaje. Med njimi so najpogostejše zamenjave vrst (nenamerne zaradi velike podobnosti vrst in zato težke taksonomske določitve ali namerne, da se prikrije ilegalni lov, ali da se prodaja manj kakovostne vrste kot bolj kakovostne…), ki vplivajo na kakovost proizvoda. Ribiški proizvodi so po ugotovitvah INTERPOLA in Evropske komisije za hrano zelo podvrženi goljufijam tudi zaradi vedno daljše verige, lova na bolj oddaljenih območjih, iztovora in predelave v tretjih državah (npr. filetiranje) in nato ponovne predelave in distribucije do maloprodajnih mest. Zaradi spremenjenih prehranjevalnih navad so se zelo uveljavili izdelki za hitro pripravo (npr. ribje palčke…), ki vsebujejo zelo predelane sestavine in je njihovo vrstno sestavo težko ugotavljati. Zaradi škandalov s ponarejanjem hrane in zaradi vedno večjega prelova na globalni ravni, se je pojavila potreba po večjem nadzoru ter okrepila zavest potrošnikov, da se natančneje preverja ribiške proizvode. Poudariti je tudi potrebno, da niso zanemarljive zdravstvene težave, kajti nekatere vrste rib in drugi morski sadeži sodijo med zelo alergena živila, ki povzročajo anafilaktični šok, lahko so tudi strupeni zaradi toksinov ali kemijskega onesnaženja v okolju. Evropska komisija je izdala uredbo, ki predpisuje, katere informacije mora vsebovati deklaracija, da se potrošnik seznani z izvorom, načinom lova ter ribolovnim območjem, kadar gre za prodajo celih rib in filetov. Pri predelanih proizvodih pa se sledljivost izgubi. Z razvojem tehnologije DNA so se razvili tudi novi pristopi in tehnike za ugotavljanje poneverb v ribiških proizvodih. Nekatere tehnologije DNA so uradno v veljavi kot je denimo ugotavljanje identitete vrst na podlagi barkodiranja COI. V preteklih letih so bili izvedeni številni projekti, ki jih je financirala ES, ki so doprinesli nova spoznanja in rezultate in jih lahko uporabimo za razvoj tehnik za ugotavljanje vrstne identitete sestavin v ribiških proizvodih. Zaradi vedno večjega pritiska na ribolovne vire in številnih ugotovljenih goljufij v različni hrani so bile po celem svetu opravljene študije, da bi ocenili obseg goljufij in gospodarske škode, ki je povzročena. Rezultati kažejo, da ima velik delež ribiških proizvodov (od filetov do bolj predelanih proizvodov) napačno prepoznane vrste. Za Slovenijo so na voljo zelo skopi podatki. V študiji EK je navedeno da je bilo pri nas v letu 2015 približno 1% napačno določenih vrst ribjih filetov. V Sloveniji je za testiranje filetov v uporabi barkodiranje COI. Metoda je zanesljiva, vendar ima omejitve ko gre za toplotno ali močno predelane proizvode ali pa nizko vsebnost sestavin. Problem je prepoznala tudi EK in Komisija za ribištvo. Prav tako se pojavljajo zahteve s strani različnih deležnikov (MKGP, predelovalna industrija, ozaveščeni potrošniki…) po znanju in metodah, s katerimi je možno zanesljivo in hitro ugotavljati poneverbe ribiških proizvodov.
Cilji predlaganega projekta so pregledati ponudbo ribiških proizvodov na slovenskem tržišču in ugotoviti, kateri so najbolj rizični ribiški proizvodi in vrste, ki jih je potrebno nadzirat in preverjat identiteto deklariranih vrst, katere vrste so tržno najbolj pomembne in kolikšna je verjetnost, da so napačno identificirane. Prav tako je nujno potrebno vpeljati ustrezne napredne tehnologije DNA (metabarkodiranje na osnovi NGS, Q‐PCR, LAMP) za odkrivanje poneverb v ribiških proizvodih.
Projekt je razdeljen v pet delovnih sklopov, ki zajemajo cilje, ki so zahtevani v razpisu ‘Zagotovimo.si hrano za jutri’ v letu 2018. Poudarek je na razvoju metodologij (metabarkodiranje, priprava specifičnih Q‐PCR testov ter uporaba že razpoložljivih komercialnih testov za določene vrste). Za potrebe projekta in naročnika bomo pripravili zbirko analiziranih vzorcev in referenčnega materiala ter ocenili socio‐ekonomske vidike goljufij pri poneverbah ribiških proizvodov. Predvidena je obsežna diseminacija projekta in pridobljenih rezultatov med vse ključne deležnike, da se podrobno seznanijo s problematiko in možnimi rešitvami. Rezultati projekta bodo prenešeni v vsakdanjo prakso upravljavcev ribištva, v predelovalno industrijo, v inšpekcijski nadzor ter posredoval nova znanja ribičem in kupcem za razvoj trajnostnega ribištva. Prilogi Grafični abstrakt je grafična prestavitev projekta.
ANG
Fish represent an important source of protein in the diet, but due to the promotion of beneficial effects on health, their consumption has increased in recent decades in the developed world. Fisheries is a very complex and highly controlled industry in the developed countries (EC Common Fisheries Policy) in order to ensure the conservation of fish stocks and the functioning of ecosystems. The development of fisheries and the associated processing activities has contributed to the extension of the chain, from catch through processing and distribution to the consumer. Therefore, the fishing industry is very vulnerable to fraud throughout the chain from fishing or production in aquaculture to retail. The most common fraud involves substitution of fish species (that can be unintentional due to the large species similarity and difficulties with the taxonomic determination, or intentional in order to hide illegal fishing or to sell less quality fish as high quality), which affects the product quality. In addition to above mentioned longer chain, INTERPOL and the European Commission (EC) for food have found that fishery products are highly subject to fraud also due to fishing in remote areas, landing and processing in third countries (e.g. filleting) and than re‐processing to retail outlets. Due to altered eating habits, fastprepared products (e. g. fish sticks) have become very popular. However, due to highly processed ingredients, their species composition is difficult to determine. Moreover, due to the scandals with the food fraud, increasing overfishing on a global level and increased awareness among consumer, there is a need for greater control of fishery products. It is also important to emphasize that health problems are not negligible, since some types of fish and other seafood are among the very allergenic foods that cause anaphylactic shock. They can also be toxic due to toxins or chemical pollution in the environment. For the sale of whole fish and fillets, the European Commission regulates the content of declaration in order to inform the consumer about the source, fishing method and fishing area. While for the processed products, the traceability is lost. With the development of DNA technology, new approaches and techniques for detecting frauds in fisheries products have been developed and some of them have already been officially used, for example identification of fish species with COI barcoding. In the past years, a number of EC funded projects have been carried out, which have contributed to new findings and results and can be used to develop techniques for identifying the species identity of ingredients in fisheries products. Due to the increasing pressure on fishery resources and the number of detected frauds in various foods, numerous studies have been conducted around the world in order to assess the extent of fraud and their economic damage. The results show that a large proportion of fishery products (from fillets to more processed products) have been incorrectly identified. However, very scarce data is available for Slovenia. According to the EC study (2015) about 1 % of fish fillets were incorrectly identified. In Slovenia, COI barcodes are used for testing filets. The method is reliable but has some limitations with highly processed products, heat‐treated products, or products with a low content of ingredients. The problem has also been identified by the EC and the Commission for Fisheries. Moreover, this knowledge and the methods for a reliable and quickly identification of fishery fraud are also required by other user (Ministry of Agriculture, processing industry, informed consumers…). The objectives of the proposed project are: to review the supply of fishery products on the Slovenian market and to find out which are the most risky fishery products and species that need to be monitored, and also, to check the identity of the declared species. The project also aims to identify the most important fish species and the probability of misidentification. One of the very important aim is to introduce the appropriate advanced DNA methodologies (metabarcodes based on NGS, Q‐PCR, LAMP) to detect frauds in fishery products. The project is divided into five work packages covering all objectives determined in the call “Zagotovimo.si hrano za jutri” in 2018. The emphasis is on the development of methodologies (metabarcoding, preparation of specific Q‐PCR tests and the use of already available commercial tests for certain species). For the project needs and project end users, we will prepare a collection of analyzed samples and reference material, as well as we will assess the socio‐economic aspects of fraud in fishery products. A comprehensive dissemination of project results to stakeholders is planned in order to transfer obtained knowledge and to present possible solutions. The project results will be transferred to the everyday practice of fisheries management, to the processing industry, to inspection, and they will provide new knowledge to fishermen and consumers for the development of sustainable fisheries.